Tsarevets Fortress is the imposing hilltop stronghold that once served as the primary fortress of the Second Bulgarian Empire, crowning a naturally defended hill above a dramatic meander of the Yantra River in Veliko Tarnovo. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, this was the political, military, and cultural heart of medieval Bulgaria, housing the royal palace, the Patriarchal Cathedral, and numerous churches and monasteries within its massive stone walls. The fortress was considered virtually impregnable, protected on three sides by the steep river gorge.

Today, visitors can walk the restored walls, explore the ruins of the royal palace complex, and climb to the reconstructed Patriarchal Church at the summit, whose modern interior frescoes — painted in a bold, somewhat controversial contemporary style — depict the glory and tragedy of Bulgarian history. The spectacular Sound and Light Show, projecting colored lights across the entire fortress accompanied by music and church bells, is one of Bulgaria’s most memorable evening experiences.

Pro tip: Walk the full circuit of the fortress walls for breathtaking views of the Yantra River canyon and the picturesque old houses of Veliko Tarnovo clinging to the opposite hillside. Check locally for Sound and Light Show dates, as performances are held on select evenings during the warmer months and must be booked in advance. The Samovodska Charshiya crafts street at the base of the hill is perfect for picking up traditional Bulgarian souvenirs.